Studies on actor observer bias4/7/2024 In relation to our preceding discussion of attributions for success and failure, if we can determine why we did poorly on a test, we can try to prepare differently so we do better on the next one. We have seen that person perception is useful in helping us successfully interact with others. Describe victim-blaming attributional biases.Explore group-serving biases in attribution. Outline self-serving attributional biases.Explore the related concepts of the fundamental attribution error and correspondence bias.Review a variety of common attibutional biases, outlining cultural diversity in these biases where indicated.Student participants were randomly assigned to play the role of a questioner (the quizmaster) or a contestant in a quiz game. A classic example was demonstrated in a series of experiments known as the quizmaster study (Ross, Amabile, & Steinmetz, 1977). The fundamental attribution error is so powerful that people often overlook obvious situational influences on behavior. This is now an external or situational explanation for Greg’s behavior. Would your explanation for Greg’s behavior change? Your revised explanation might be that Greg was frustrated and disappointed for losing his job therefore, he was in a bad mood (his state). However, imagine that Greg was just laid off from his job due to company downsizing. This is an internal or dispositional explanation. Instead of greeting his wife, Greg yells at her, “Leave me alone!” Why did Greg yell at his wife? How would someone committing the fundamental attribution error explain Greg’s behavior? The most common response is that Greg is a mean, angry, or unfriendly person (his traits). To better understand, imagine this scenario: Greg returns home from work, and upon opening the front door his wife happily greets him and inquires about his day. This erroneous assumption is called the fundamental attribution error (Ross, 1977 Riggio & Garcia, 2009). They tend to fail to recognize when the behavior of another is due to situational variables, and thus to the person’s state. They tend to assume that the behavior of another person is a trait of that person, and to underestimate the power of the situation on the behavior of others. According to some social psychologists, people tend to overemphasize internal factors as explanations-or attributions-for the behavior of other people. Why do you think this is? We tend to think that people are in control of their own behaviors, and, therefore, any behavior change must be due to something internal, such as their personality, habits, or temperament. In the United States, the predominant culture tends to favor a dispositional approach in explaining human behavior. In fact, the field of social-personality psychology has emerged to study the complex interaction of internal and situational factors that affect human behavior (Mischel, 1977 Richard, Bond, & Stokes-Zoota, 2003). Modern approaches to social psychology, however, take both the situation and the individual into account when studying human behavior (Fiske, Gilbert, & Lindzey, 2010). Social psychologists have tended to take the situationist perspective, whereas personality psychologists have promoted the dispositionist perspective. An internal factor is an attribute of a person and includes personality traits and temperament. In contrast, dispositionism holds that our behavior is determined by internal factors (Heider, 1958). Situationism is the view that our behavior and actions are determined by our immediate environment and surroundings. Subfields of psychology tend to focus on one influence or behavior over others. Situational and Dispositional Influences on Behaviorīehavior is a product of both the situation (e.g., cultural influences, social roles, and the presence of bystanders) and of the person (e.g., personality characteristics). In this chapter, we discuss the intrapersonal processes of self-presentation, cognitive dissonance and attitude change, and the interpersonal processes of conformity and obedience, aggression and altruism, and, finally, love and attraction. Thus, social psychology studies individuals in a social context and how situational variables interact to influence behavior. Social psychologists focus on how people construe or interpret situations and how these interpretations influence their thoughts, feelings, and behaviors (Ross & Nisbett, 1991). \): Social psychology deals with all kinds of interactions between people, spanning a wide range of how we connect: from moments of confrontation to moments of working together and helping others, as shown here.
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